Biographies

Day One – Presenters and Panelists

Ashutosh Agarwal, Ph.D., University of Miami
Dr. Ashutosh Agarwal is Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Director of Engineering & Applied Physics at the University of Miami’s Desai Sethi Urology Institute. He co-directs Engineering Cancer Cures and specializes in physiologically relevant fluidic platforms, including organs-on-chips; organoids-on-chips; live organ slices; and whole human eye perfusion, preservation, and transport technologies. Dr. Agarwal’s Physiomimetic Microsystems Laboratory develops microscale organ-mimicking systems for drug testing, stem cell maturation, disease modeling, and transplant innovation. Their NIH-funded research focuses on pancreatic islets and circulating tumor cells using engineered tissue-chip platforms developed through multidisciplinary collaborations.

Manuel Amieva, M.D., Ph.D., Stanford University
Dr. Manuel Amieva is a physician–scientist and Professor of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Immunology at Stanford University whose research examines how bacterial pathogens colonize epithelial surfaces and cause disease. His work focuses on Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastric cancer. His laboratory identified key mechanisms of H. pylori pathogenesis, including how the virulence factor CagA disrupts cell polarity and promotes bacterial growth on epithelial surfaces. Using animal models, human tissues, and advanced imaging technologies, his team discovered H. pylori microcolonies deep within gastric glands, which are essential for pathological inflammation and hyperplasia. The lab also developed innovative microscopy techniques and organoid models to study host–microbe interactions in human tissues.

Murat Cirit, Ph.D., Javelin Biotech
Dr. Murat Cirit is a bioengineer and co-founder/CEO of Javelin Biotech, focused on new approach methodologies (NAMs) integrating microphysiological systems (organ-on-chip/tissue chip) with computational modeling to improve preclinical drug testing predictive accuracy. He is an inventor in tissue chip and digital twin technologies. Prior to Javelin, he was founding Principal Investigator of the NIH-funded Translational Center of Tissue Chip Technologies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Co–Principal Investigator on a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency–funded microphysiological systems program. His work bridges bioengineering and computational biology to advance predictive platforms that enhance drug discovery and translational research, with broad impact on pharmaceutical R&D efficiency and safety.

Melissa Haendel, Ph.D., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC)
Dr. Melissa Haendel is a leader in precision health and translational informatics at UNC, where she serves as Director and Sarah Graham Kenan Distinguished Professor in Genetics. Trained in molecular genetics, neuroscience, and semantic engineering, she focuses on integrating health care systems, research data, and patient-generated information into AI-ready formats. She is co-founder of the Monarch Initiative and the National COVID Cohort Collaborative. By leveraging ontologies, knowledge graphs, and AI, Monarch enables researchers to identify the most appropriate biological models for studying human physiology and disease and is increasingly being adapted to do the same for NAMs. Her work on Mondo Disease Ontology is being integrated into Epic electronic health record workflows through IMO Core, enabling rare-disease codes to be used across UNC Health’s 20 hospitals and more than 900 clinics, with broader national availability. Dr. Haendel’s research emphasizes rare disease diagnostics, genotype–phenotype integration, knowledge graphs, and data standards. She also contributes to international efforts to improve data sharing and global biomedical interoperability.

Michael Helmrath, M.D., Ph.D., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Dr. Michael Helmrath is a pediatric surgeon–scientist at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Professor in the University of Cincinnati Department of Surgery. He serves as Director of the Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Director of Surgical Research, and Director of the Center for Bariatric Research and Innovation. His clinical and research programs focus on intestinal failure, obesity, intestinal adaptation, stem cell biology, and regenerative approaches to gastrointestinal disease. His laboratory develops human intestinal stem cell and organoid platforms derived from patient tissue, pluripotent stem cells, and surgical models, with the goal of translating discoveries into therapies for children with complex intestinal disorders. Through CuSTOM, Dr. Helmrath helps advance organoids for personalized medicine, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. His recent work includes studies of transplanted human intestinal organoids, immune-competent gut models, and pluripotent stem cell–derived organoids capable of repairing damaged bowel in vivo.

Bridgett Hill, M.S., General Dynamics Information Technology
Ms. Bridgett Hill is a Data Scientist at General Dynamics Information Technology. She is a contractor supporting the new NIH Office of Research Innovation, Validation, and Assessment (ORIVA) and has spent the last three years supporting the NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM). She focuses on NAMs as potential complements or alternatives to traditional in vivo methods. Ms. Hill published studies using fish models to evaluate developmental neurotoxicity, chemical exposure effects, and environmental contaminant bioactivity. Her current work includes annotation of high-throughput screening data using structured ontologies, mapping these assays to key characteristics of toxicants linked to human health outcomes, and aligning information to globally recognized harmonized reporting templates to increase regulatory readiness of data.

Donald Ingber, M.D., Ph.D., Wyss Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School
Dr. Donald Ingber is the Founding Director of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, and Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at the Harvard's John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. He leads interdisciplinary scientific and engineering teams that develop and commercialize bioinspired technologies to advance health care, improve sustainability, and address major unmet needs in biomedical research. Dr. Ingber is internationally recognized for pioneering human organ chip technology, a human-relevant platform designed to model physiology and disease, accelerate drug development, support personalized medicine, and reduce reliance on animal testing. His organ chip technology was named one of the Top 10 Emerging Technologies by the World Economic Forum and Design of the Year by the London Design Museum. An elected member of the National Academies of Medicine, Engineering, and Inventors, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and internationally recognized for translational research, Dr. Ingber has authored over 600 publications; holds 200 patents; founded 10 companies, including Emulate Inc.; and advances AI-driven drug repurposing technologies now entering clinical trials.

Scott Lowe, Ph.D., Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Dr. Scott Lowe is Chair of the Cancer Biology and Genetics Program at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and an Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Dr. Lowe began his independent research at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where his group made significant contributions to understanding the p53 tumor suppressor, multi-step carcinogenesis, cellular senescence, and tumor-cell drug resistance. At MSKCC, his team integrates mouse models, genetics, and genomics to explore the interactions between tumor cells and their environment. This work has led to new discoveries relating to the genetic and epigenetic drivers of cancer evolution and how cellular senescence can influence immune surveillance and be targeted therapeutically. Dr. Lowe has mentored more than 80 trainees and received numerous honors, including major American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) and NIH awards and the Paul Marks Prize. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine, and a Fellow of the AACR.

Carolina Lucchesi, Ph.D., American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
Dr. Carolina Lucchesi is a Principal Scientist and Head of the Microphysiological Systems (MPS) program at ATCC (BioNexus Foundation). She earned her Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the University of Campinas and brings over two decades of experience in tissue engineering and advanced human-relevant in vitro model systems. Dr. Lucchesi was part of the founding technical team at the Harvard Wyss Institute that contributed to the development and early translation of organ-on-chip technology into industry applications. Her work integrates engineering and biology to develop physiologically relevant in vitro systems for studying drug absorption, metabolism, safety, and efficacy, as well as disease mechanisms. It has resulted in patented technologies and the deployment of advanced screening approaches, with a consistent focus on reproducibility, standardization, and translational relevance. At ATCC, Dr. Lucchesi leads efforts to enable the adoption of advanced 3D human-relevant models by developing standardized, quality-controlled biological resources, harmonized workflows, and fit-for-purpose qualification frameworks. Her work supports shared research infrastructure by facilitating validation, benchmarking, and consistent implementation of microphysiological systems across the biomedical research community.

Diana Monsivais, Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine
Dr. Diana Monsivais is a faculty member and the Santiago Ramon y Cajal Endowed Professor in the Department of Pathology and Immunology at Baylor College of Medicine whose research focuses on uterine biology, endometrial regeneration, pregnancy loss, and endometriosis. Using genetic mouse models, human tissues, and 3D organoids, her lab investigates signaling pathways involved in female reproductive health and disease. Her group has identified previously uncharacterized roles for TGFβ signaling pathways during pregnancy establishment, endometrial regeneration, and endometriosis. She has built a biobank of gynecologic tissues, fluids, cells, and organoids from patients receiving care in the Texas Medical Center. These specimens have facilitated identification and validation of new drug targets and drug-like molecules, including newly developed JNK inhibitors for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain and inflammation that have been tested in 3D patient-derived organoids and primary endometrial stromal cells.

Brenda Ogle, Ph.D., University of Minnesota
Dr. Brenda Ogle is Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota and has held leadership roles, including Head of Biomedical Engineering, Director of the Stem Cell Institute, and Co-Chair of the Women’s Faculty Cabinet. Her research focuses on how extracellular matrix proteins influence stem cell behavior in cardiovascular systems. Her team developed extracellular matrix-based bioinks for 3D printing human cardiac muscle tissues, work highlighted by Newsweek. Dr. Ogle’s interdisciplinary laboratory integrates stem cell biology, engineering, cytometry, and 3D printing. Her research has received major federal and foundation funding, and she has collaborated with industry partners, including Medtronic and 3M. Dr. Ogle is an elected fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and the Biomedical Engineering Society. She has served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Biomedical Engineering Society and is a recipient of the Mullen-Spector-Truax Women’s Leadership Award.

Sergiu Paşca, M.D., Stanford University
Dr. Sergiu Paşca is the Kenneth T. Norris, Jr. Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University and the Uytengsu Founding Director of Stanford Brain Organogenesis Center. A physician–scientist, he studies how the human brain develops and how neuropsychiatric diseases arise. His lab pioneered assembloids, developed regionalized neural organoids, and created integrated human neural circuits that model previously inaccessible stages of brain development. These widely adopted models have advanced understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders and led to the first clinical trial based entirely on patient-specific stem cell models. Dr. Pasca has received numerous international honors for his groundbreaking contributions to neuroscience and medicine, including the Vilcek Prize, the American Philosophical Society's Daland Prize, the Joseph Altman Award in Developmental Neuroscience, and a Breakthrough in Life Sciences Prize.

Jason Spence, Ph.D., University of Michigan Medical School
Dr. Jason Spence is the H. Marvin Pollard Professor of Gastrointestinal Sciences at the University of Michigan Medical School with appointments in Internal Medicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Biomedical Engineering. His lab pioneered methods to generate 3D human lung and intestinal organoids from pluripotent stem cells and expanded these approaches to liver, esophagus, and stomach tissues. By integrating developmental biology, single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, patient tissue analysis, and biomaterials, his lab advances understanding of how human tissues develop, function, and respond to disease. Recent studies from his group have generated pediatric lung and intestine cell atlases that link inflammation and clinical interventions to alveolar epithelial cell states, with direct comparisons to organoid models and diseased patient tissue. Dr. Spence also directs the Human Organoid Core and NIH training programs and co-founded Intero Biosystems, which commercializes scalable human intestinal organoid platforms for preclinical drug testing as alternatives to animal models.

Takanori Takebe, M.D., Ph.D., Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
Dr. Takanori Takebe is an Endowed Chair of Organoid Medicine and Director of Commercial Innovation for CuSTOM at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. As a physician–scientist, he specializes in gastroenterology, hepatology, nutrition, and stem cell research. Inspired by experiences treating liver transplant patients who lacked donor organs, his work focuses on engineering miniature liver and multi-organ systems from human pluripotent stem cells. Dr. Takebe’s lab develops organoids that replicate human liver development and disease, integrating vascular, immune, and biliary components to advance drug discovery and future transplant therapies. He has pioneered interconnected hepato–biliary–pancreatic organ systems and received honors, including the Japan Academy Medal and the Robertson Stem Cell Investigator Award.

David Tuveson, M.D., Ph.D., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Dr. David Tuveson is the Roy J. Zuckerberg Professor of Cancer Research and Director of the Cancer Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and also serves as Chief Scientist of the Lustgarten Foundation, where he helps lead major research efforts focused on pancreatic cancer. A physician–scientist internationally recognized for pioneering pancreatic cancer models and patient-derived organoid systems, Dr. Tuveson’s laboratory integrates mouse models, human tumor organoids, genomics, redox metabolism, Ras signaling, biomarker discovery, and tumor-stroma biology to better understand pancreatic cancer and develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. His work has helped establish organoids as a precision-medicine platform for evaluating treatment sensitivity and guiding therapeutic approaches for pancreatic cancer. Dr. Tuveson is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, received the Luminary Award from the Precision Medicine World Conference, and has also served as President of the AACR and was elected to the AACR Board of Directors.

John Wikswo, Ph.D., Vanderbilt University
Dr. John Wikswo is the University Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Physics at Vanderbilt University, where he also holds the A. B. Learned Professorship of Living State Physics. He founded the Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education (VIIBRE) in 2001 to advance interdisciplinary research at the interface of biophysics, bioengineering, and medicine. Dr. Wikswo’s research focuses on microfluidic technologies, organs-on-chips, stem cell systems, and intelligent well plates for biological analysis. His team integrates microfluidics, sensors, mass spectrometry, computational modeling, and AI-driven automation to develop "self-driving" biological laboratories that can accelerate discovery in systems biology, medicine, and toxicology research. He has received two R&D 100 Awards, holds more than 50 patents, and has made major contributions to the development of human-relevant experimental systems that support more predictive approaches to disease modelling and therapeutic testing.

Joseph Wu, M.D., Ph.D., Stanford University School of Medicine
Dr. Joseph Wu is Director of the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Professor of Medicine and Radiology at Stanford University. Trained at Yale University and the University of California, Los Angeles, he specializes in adult congenital heart disease and cardiovascular imaging. His research focuses on stem cells, organoids, genomics, AI, precision medicine, and drug discovery, including developing "clinical trial in a dish" models. Dr. Wu has published over 700 papers and is among the world’s most highly cited researchers. He has received numerous major honors, including PECASE, AHA Distinguished Scientist Award, ASCI Korsmeyer Award, Lucian Award, and Schottenstein Prize. Dr. Wu is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, National Academy of Inventors, and others. He is President of the Association of University Cardiologists; Past President of the American Heart Association; and co-founder of Greenstone Biosciences, which advances AI-driven drug discovery.

Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann, Prof. Dr., Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University Medical Center Göettingen
Wolfram-Hubertus Zimmermann is Professor and Director of the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology at University Medical Center Göttingen. His research focuses on stem cell–based therapeutics, therapeutic genome editing, engineered tissues and organoids for disease modeling, and inter-organ communication, with emphasis on heart, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues. A pioneer in tissue engineering and pluripotent stem cell research, he initiated the first-in-human BioVAT-HF-DZHK20 trial using engineered human myocardium to treat advanced heart failure. As coordinator of several national and international research consortia, Dr. Zimmermann is pushing the boundaries of today’s pharmacological therapies towards precision medicine approaches in inherited and acquired degenerative diseases of the heart, the brain, and the musculoskeletal system. His track record includes more than 200 publications, 17 patents, and the founding of multiple biotechnology spin-offs.

Day One – Co-Chairs

Thomas Bell, Ph.D., National Disease Research Interchange (NDRI)
Dr. Thomas Bell is the Chief Scientific Officer at NDRI and Principal Investigator for multiple NIH-funded projects, including the Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT, U24), Developmental Genotype-Tissue Expression (dGTEx, U24) and Human Tissues and Organs for Research Resource (HTORR, U42). He has more than 20 years of experience in biomedical research and has taught summer courses at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory for over 10 years. Dr. Bell completed an NIH-funded training postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He holds a doctorate from the Division of Biology and Medicine at Brown University.

Christine Happel, Ph.D., National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), NIH
Dr. Christine Happel is a Program Officer in the Office of Special Initiatives at NCATS, where she serves as a subject-matter expert in NAMs. She is the NCATS Co-Coordinator for the NIH Common Fund’s Complement Animal Research In Experimentation (Complement-ARIE) program and contributes to several other Common Fund efforts. Before joining NCATS in 2019, Dr. Happel worked at Thermo Fisher Scientific and completed postdoctoral fellowships at Johns Hopkins University and NCI. Dr. Happel earned her Ph.D. in molecular biology and genetics from the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University.

Christine Nadeau, Ph.D., National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH
Dr. Christine Nadeau is a Program Director in the Division of Cancer Biology at NCI. Her research portfolio includes Notch signaling, breast cancer metastasis to bone, and systemic immunity. In addition, she helps facilitate two important NCI consortia: the NCI Metastasis Research Network and the Oncology Models Forum (OMF). The OMF is devoted to ensuring that mammalian models used for translational cancer research are appropriate for their intended purposes and provide reliable, informative data that can ultimately benefit patients. The forum now encompasses a broad range of model systems, including canine, porcine, organoid, and cell line models, in addition to many mouse models. OMF members recently published a review in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute describing precision preclinical modeling to advance cancer treatment.

Malgorzata Ochocinska, Ph.D., Office of Strategic Coordination, NIH
Dr. Malgorzata Ochocinska is a Program Leader in the NIH Office of Strategic Coordination, where she leads the Complement-ARIE program to accelerate the development, standardization, validation, and use of human-based NAMs. She recently launched the NIH–FNIH Public–Private Partnership effort to establish the Complement-ARIE Validation and Qualification Network for NAMs Adoption and Implementation. Previously, she served as Program Director in the Translational Blood Science and Resources Branch in the Division of Blood Diseases and Resources at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), where she launched the Trans-Agency Blood-Brain Interface Program, a partnership between NHLBI and the U.S. Department of Defense Joint Program Committee-6 (JPC-6) Combat Casualty Care Research Program (CCCRP), to support collaborations between hematologists/vascular experts, neuroscientists, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) tissue chip developers for high-risk/high-reward research to create enhanced/modified platforms that more closely model the human BBB.

Rebecca Roof, Ph.D., National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH
Dr. Rebecca (Becky) Roof is a Program Director in the Division of Translational Research within NINDS, where she oversees the Innovation Grants to Nurture Initial Translational Efforts (IGNITE) Program. This program supports early-stage therapy development, as well as disease model development and validation. This includes both in vivo and in vitro models. Prior to this role, Dr. Roof was a Program Director at the National Institute of Nursing Research, where she managed a clinical portfolio focusing on self-management of chronic diseases. Prior to that, Dr. Roof was part of the NINDS Small Business Innovation Research and IGNITE programs and was part of the launch of IGNITE. Dr. Roof earned a Ph.D. in Pharmacology from the University of Michigan, and her postdoctoral fellowship was in molecular neuropharmacology at NINDS.

Jason Shepherd, Ph.D., The University of Utah
Dr. Shepherd is a Professor in the Department of Neurobiology and holds the Jon M. Huntsman Presidential Endowed Chair at The University of Utah. He obtained his B.Sc. (Hons) in neuroscience at the University of Otago (New Zealand), his Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and postdoctoral training at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the recipient of several awards that recognize innovative science, including the Peter and Patricia Gruber International Research Award in Neuroscience, the International Society for Neurochemistry Young Investigator Award, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Ben Barres Early Career Acceleration Award, the NIH Director’s Transformative Research Award, and the McKnight Foundation Neurobiology of Brain Disorders Award. He is also a National Academy of Sciences Kavli Fellow.

Yongjun Sui, Ph.D., Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, NIH
Dr. Yongjun Sui is a Program Officer in the NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, where she primarily manages U-series cooperative agreement grants that support research infrastructure, model systems, and multidisciplinary resources to advance human disease research. Previously, she spent more than 17 years as a Staff Scientist at NCI, where she worked as a mucosal immunologist conducting bench research on immune responses at barrier tissues, including their roles in host defense, inflammation, and disease pathogenesis. Her hands-on scientific experience gives her a practical understanding of the strengths and limitations of experimental models, which informs her current efforts to support NIH resources, integrate NAMs, and improve the translational value of disease models.

Alice Tarantal, Ph.D., University of California, Davis
Dr. Alice Tarantal is Professor and Vice-Chair for Research in the Department of Pediatrics, with a joint appointment in the Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and Unit Leader and Multimodal Imaging Core Lead at the University of California, Davis, Primate Center. Dr. Tarantal serves in leadership roles in the University of California, Davis, Clinical and Translational Science Center and School of Medicine Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, and she directs the Translational Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research Facility. Dr. Tarantal is the Principal Investigator and Director of the Center for Somatic Cell Genome Editing, which provides opportunities for a range of collaborative projects with NIH-funded investigators nationwide. Her research program focuses on gene therapy, somatic cell genome editing, and stem cell transplantation; prenatal onset of inherited and acquired diseases; and innovative applications of translational in vivo imaging. She has established a range of models, techniques, and technologies for translational research and Investigational New Drug–enabling studies.

Day Two – Presenters and Panelists

Randolph S. Ashton, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin–Madison
Dr. Randolph S. Ashton received his B.S. from Hampton University (Hampton, Virginia, 2002) and Ph.D. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, NY, 2007) in chemical engineering under Dr. Ravi Kane. He continued to pursue his interest in stem cells and tissue engineering as a California Institute for Regenerative Medicine and an NIH postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, Stem Cell Center in the laboratory of Dr. David Schaffer. He is now an Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering and appointed as the Associate Director of the University of Wisconsin–Madison Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center. The goal of Dr. Ashton’s research is to bioengineer human tissues that can be used as tools or therapeutics to prevent or cure central nervous system disorders. His laboratory currently melds state-of-the-art biomaterial approaches with novel human neural stem cell derivation protocols to bioengineer brain and spinal cord cells and tissue models in vitro. In 2021, Dr. Ashton and collaborators embarked on a technology start-up, Neurosetta LLC, to translate the lab’s innovations for developmental neurotoxicology, neurodevelopmental disease modeling, and drug discovery applications.

Anthony Atala, M.D., Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Dr. Anthony Atala is the G. Link Professor and Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. His research includes the development of the first tissue-engineered organ successfully implanted in a human for permanent replacement, the discovery of a stem cell source from amniotic fluid and placenta, and advances in 3D printing of tissues and organs. He is leading national efforts using organoid/body-on-a-chip technologies for diagnoses and personalized treatments. Eighteen applications of technologies developed in Dr. Atala's laboratory have been used in patients. Dr. Atala was elected to the National Academy of Medicine, to the National Academy of Inventors, and to the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. He is a recipient of the U.S. Congress–funded Christopher Columbus Foundation Award, the Edison Science Award, the R&D Innovator of the Year Award, and the Smithsonian Ingenuity Award. His work was listed twice as Time Magazine’s top 10 medical breakthroughs of the year and was ranked by the Project Management Institute as one of the top 10 most impactful biotech projects in the past 50 years. Dr. Atala was named by Scientific American as one of the world’s most influential people in biotechnology, by U.S. News & World Report as one of 14 Pioneers of Medical Progress in the 21st Century, and by Nature Biotechnology as one of the top 10 translational researchers in the world. He is editor of 27 books and 2 journals, has published more than 900 journal articles, and has applied for or received over 300 national and international patents.

Anna Bremser, Ph.D., Genentech Inc.
Dr. Anna Bremser is a scientist at Genentech whose work focuses on immunology, regenerative biology, and advanced human cell–based model systems. Trained at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, she has contributed to research exploring immune regulation, T-cell biology, and tissue microenvironments, with publications in leading journals, including Cell and PLoS One. At Genentech, Bremser is involved in developing innovative experimental platforms, including organoid-based technologies, to better understand human disease and accelerate therapeutic discovery. Her interdisciplinary background combines immunology, cell biology, and translational research to advance next-generation biomedical models and precision medicine approaches.

Colleen Clancy, Ph.D., University of California, Davis
Dr. Colleen Clancy is a recognized scientific leader in precision medicine and computational modeling. She serves as Director of the Center for Precision Medicine and Data Sciences at the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Arline Miller Rolkin Endowed Professor of Health Innovation, and Professor in the Departments of Physiology and Membrane Biology and Pharmacology. She is the inaugural Editor in Chief of the Journal of Precision Medicine Health and Disease.

Robert Damoiseaux, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles
Dr. Robert Damoiseaux is a high-throughput screening (HTS) expert and a Professor in the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology of the David Geffen School of Medicine and Professor of Bioengineering in the Samueli School of Engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles. His research interests focus on the development of novel technologies for HTS and drug discovery and development. He also directs the Molecular Screening Shared Resource (MSSR) which is a cutting-edge facility involved in research projects with, among others, University of California, Los Angeles, California Institute of Technology, and the biotech and pharmaceutical industries. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Lausanne under Dr. Kai Johnsson (currently Director at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Munich) and then joined the Institute for Functional Genomics (GNF, Novartis) where he was in charge of the development of the next-generation assay platform for proteases. He authored over 100 manuscripts and patents on HTS and synthesis, was recognized as expert author in Wiley’s Development of Therapeutic Agents Handbook and is also an editor for Springer’s Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. He is also a member of the NIH study section and special emphasis panel reviewing HTS grants. His expertise in HTS and the use of novel technologies brings him into demand for scientific collaborations and consulting for both academia and industry.

Jennifer H. Elisseeff, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University
Dr. Jennifer H. Elisseeff is the Morton Goldberg Professor and Director of the Translational Tissue Engineering Center at Johns Hopkins Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Wilmer Eye Institute with appointments in Chemical and Biological Engineering, Materials Science and Orthopedic Surgery. She received a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Carnegie Mellon University and a Ph.D. in Medical Engineering from the Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology. She was a Fellow at the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Research Associate Program, where she worked in the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Dr. Elisseeff is committed to the translation of regenerative biomaterials and has founded several companies and participates in several industry advisory boards, including the State of Maryland’s Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO). She was elected as a Fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, is part of the National Academy of Inventors, and was recognized as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum. In 2018, she was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and National Academy of Medicine. In 2019, she received the NIH Director’s Pioneer Award.

Benjamin Freedman, Ph.D., University of Washington (Day 2 Workshop Chair)
Dr. Benjamin Freedman has studied the cell and systems biology of vertebrate stem cells for over 20 years. He is best known for directing differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into human kidney organoids, to establish “disease in a dish” models and regenerative medicine approaches. He has received numerous honors and awards, including the 2018 Stem Cells Young Investigator Award, the 2023 Donald W. Seldin American Society of Nephrology Young Investigator Award, and the 2025 NIH TARGETED Prize for Somatic Cell Genome Editing. Dr. Freedman is currently Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington, and CEO of Plurexa, a startup biotechnology company. His research combines cell biology, medicine, and bioengineering to understand fundamental mechanisms of disease and develop therapies.

Liesbet Geris, Ph.D., University of Liege, Belgium
Dr. Liesbet Geris is Collen-Francqui Research Professor in Biomechanics and Computational Tissue Engineering at the University of Liège and KU Leuven in Belgium. Her research focuses on the multi-scale and multi-physics modeling of biological processes. Together with her team and their clinical and industrial collaborators, she uses these models to investigate the etiology of non-healing fractures, to design in silico potential cell–based treatment strategies and to optimize manufacturing processes of these tissue engineering constructs. Dr. Geris is scientific coordinator of the Prometheus platform for Skeletal Tissue Engineering (50+ researchers). She has edited several books on computational modeling and tissue engineering. She has received 2 prestigious ERC grants (starting in 2011 and consolidator in 2017) to finance her research and has received several young investigator and research awards. She is a former member and chair of the Young Academy of Belgium (Flanders) and member of the strategic alliance committee of the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Society. She is the current executive director of the Virtual Physiological Human Institute and in that capacity she advocates the use of in silico modeling in healthcare through liaising with the clinical community, the European Commission and Parliament, regulatory agencies (EMA, FDA) and various other stakeholders. Besides her research work, she is often invited to give public lectures on the challenges of interdisciplinary research, women in academia, and digital healthcare.

Daniel H. Geschwind, M.D., Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles
Dr. Daniel H. Geschwind is the Gordon and Virginia MacDonald Distinguished Professor of Human Genetics, Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles. In his capacity as Senior Associate Dean and Associate Vice Chancellor of Precision Health, he leads the Institute for Precision Health (IPH) at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he oversees campus precision health initiatives. In his laboratory, his group has pioneered the application of systems biology methods in neurologic and psychiatric disease, with a focus on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurodegenerative conditions. His group made major contributions to identifying genetic causes of ASD and defined the molecular pathology of autism and other psychiatric disorders using gene network analysis. He has led pioneering studies extending these integrative genomics methods to elucidate the mechanisms by which genetic risk for neuropsychiatric disease impacts brain development and function. In addition to having served on multiple scientific advisory boards, including the Faculty of 1000 Medicine, the Scientific Advisory Board for the Allen Institute for Brain Science, the NIMH Advisory Council and the NIH Council of Councils, he currently serves on the editorial boards of Cell, Neuron and Science. He has received several awards for his laboratory’s work and is an elected Member of the American Association of Physicians and the National Academy of Medicine.

Linda Griffith, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Linda Griffith is the School of Engineering Professor of Teaching Innovation and Professor of Biological and Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). An internationally recognized leader in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, her research focuses on developing human tissue models and microphysiological systems to study complex diseases, including endometriosis, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. Dr. Griffith has been a pioneer in integrating engineering principles with cell biology to create advanced in vitro platforms that improve drug development and precision medicine. A member of the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Medicine, and American Academy of Arts and Sciences, she is widely recognized for her contributions to biomedical engineering and translational research.

Kimberly Homan, Ph.D., Genentech Inc.
Dr. Kimberly Homan is a Senior Director and Distinguished Scientist at Genentech, and she runs the Complex In Vitro Systems lab, a core group focused on employing new predictive tools to enhance clinical translational outcomes. She has prior experience holding key leadership positions in two biotech startups, one of which she co-founded while in graduate school at The University of Texas at Austin. Prior to that, as a co-appointed postdoc at Roche and at the Wyss Institute in Harvard, Dr. Homan invented methods to bioprint human tissues and use them to model drug disposition, mode of action, and safety. Dr. Homan holds a B.S. degree in chemical engineering and Ph.D. in biomedical engineering. She is also a former United States Marine Corps officer and veteran.

Christopher Hughes, Ph.D., University of California, Irvine
Dr. Christopher Hughes is a Chancellor’s Professor of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at the University of California, Irvine (UCI). A leading vascular biologist, his research focuses on angiogenesis, tissue engineering, and the development of innovative “body-on-a-chip” technologies that model human organs and diseases for drug discovery and precision medicine. Since joining UCI in 1996, Dr. Hughes has held numerous leadership roles, including Chair of the Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry and Associate Dean for Research and Innovation. He is also the founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Aracari Biosciences and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

Albert Hwa, Ph.D., National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH
Dr. Albert Hwa is a Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). His grant portfolio encompasses research on the development and regeneration of the pancreatic endocrine compartment, as well as the application of these findings to stem cell differentiation and regenerative medicine. He oversees projects employing microphysiological systems to model type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and participates in the Human Islet Research Network (HIRN), a collaborative initiative dedicated to understanding the loss of functional beta cell mass in type 1 diabetes and identifying strategies to restore it. He also serves as a project scientist for the Integrated Islet Distribution Program and the Human Tissues and Organs for Research Resource, both of which supply primary human materials to the broader research community. Prior to joining NIDDK, Dr. Hwa served as Operations Director for the Center for Cell-Based Therapy for Diabetes at Joslin Diabetes Center and as a Lecturer at Harvard Medical School. His research there centered on human induced pluripotent stem cell derivation, the manufacturing of autologous stem cell–derived islet cells, and cell transplantation methods. Before Joslin, he was Director of Discovery Research at JDRF, where he developed and managed research initiatives in beta cell replacement, bioengineering, stem cell research, and beta cell imaging. Dr. Hwa received his B.S. in chemical engineering from Cornell University and his Ph.D. in biological engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Raphael Isokpehi, Ph.D., Office of Data Science Strategy (ODSS), DPCPSI, OD, NIH
Dr. Raphael Isokpehi is a Health Scientist Administrator (Program Officer) in the NIH Office of Data Science Strategy (ODSS). His portfolio includes projects within the Training, Workforce Initiatives, and Community Engagement team, with an emphasis on strengthening institutional data science capacity, advancing data science readiness, and translating data capabilities into research, workforce, and operational impact. Prior to joining NIH, Dr. Isokpehi held faculty and leadership positions in biology, bioinformatics, and data analytics at Jackson State University and Bethune-Cookman University. He also served as a National Research Council Senior Research Associate at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, where he applied data science and big data approaches to infrastructure asset management and pavement performance research.

Georgette Jones, Ph.D., National Cancer Institute, NIH
Dr. Georgette Jones earned her Ph.D. in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology from The Ohio State University in 2010 and completed postdoctoral training in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Mouse Cancer Genetics Program. After earning tenure and promotion to Associate Professor at Hood College, she returned to the NCI community as a Scientific Project Manager in the Laboratory Animal Sciences Program (LASP) at NCI–Frederick. Her interdisciplinary training spans cancer genetics, genomics, model development, and molecular signaling. More recently, she expanded her expertise to include microbiome and gnotobiotic science, translational cancer research, and preclinical drug safety toxicology and safety pharmacology using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. She currently serves as the Scientific Program Director for the LASP and supports the Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch in the Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis. In 2025, she co-authored the proposal establishing the NIH Standardized Organoid Modeling (SOM) Initiative and serves as the Scientific Program Director for its In Vitro Program.

Angela Koehler, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Angela Koehler earned her bachelor's degree in biochemistry and molecular biology from Reed College in 1997. In 2003, she finished her doctorate in chemistry from Harvard University and became an institute fellow at the Broad Institute, where she served as the director of transcriptional chemical biology in the Chemical Biology Program. She was also a project leader in the NCI Cancer Target Discovery and Development Center at the Broad Institute aimed at targeting causal cancer genes with small molecules. Dr. Koehler joined the Koch Institute in 2014 and was appointed faculty lead of the MIT Health and Life Sciences Collaborative in 2025. She is the director of an NCI Next-Generation Chemistry Center focused on drug discovery for cancers of childhood driven by oncofusions. Awards include being named a Genome Technology Young Investigator and a Broad Institute Merkin Fellow. She has also received the Ono Pharma Foundation Breakthrough Science Award, the Novartis Lectureship in Chemistry, the AACR-Bayer Innovation and Discovery Award, a National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award, and the Junior Bose Award for Excellence in Teaching. Dr. Koehler has founded four biotechnology companies: Ligon Discovery, Kronos Bio, 76Bio, and Samori Bio. She serves on scientific advisory boards for Kronos Bio, Photys Therapeutics, and Vicinitas Therapeutics. She also advises Pfizer, Atlas Ventures, Flagship Pioneering, and Two River Ventures. The Koehler Lab has received research funding from Bayer, GSK, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Ono Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer. She serves on the joint steering committee for the Broad-Bayer Oncology Alliance. Finally, she serves on the board of The Engine Accelerator.

Reinhard Laubenbacher, Ph.D., University of Florida
Dr. Reinhard Laubenbacher is an interdisciplinary research scientist working at the interface of the quantitative, life, and medical sciences, with 25 years of experience in this field. Before that, he pursued a research career as a theoretical mathematician. His scientific expertise ranges from medical digital twins to theoretical and computational systems biology. His work uses a variety of data science and modeling and simulation tools, including mechanistic modeling, machine learning, and AI techniques, as well as a range of techniques from theoretical and applied mathematics. Since 2020, he has been Dean’s Professor of Systems Medicine in the Department of Medicine at the University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, and Director of the Laboratory for Systems Medicine, with affiliate appointments in the UF Departments of Mathematics and of Structural Genomics and Microbiology. Prior to joining the University of Florida in 2020, Dr. Laubenbacher served as Director of the Center for Quantitative Medicine at the University of Connecticut and Professor of Computational Biology at The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine in Farmington, Connecticut. He currently serves as President of the Society for Mathematical Biology. He has over 250 publications, and his research program has been funded continuously for the last 25 years by grants from NIH, NSF, and the U.S. Department of Defense.

Douglas Lauffenburger, Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Douglas Lauffenburger is Ford Professor of Bioengineering in the Departments of Biological Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Biology at MIT. He was the founding Head of the Department of Biological Engineering at MIT and served in that capacity from 1998 until 2019. He is an affiliate of the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, the Ragon Institute of MGH/MIT/Harvard, and the MIT Center for Gynepathology Research. Before joining MIT, he had previously been on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania (1979-1990) and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (1991-1994). The Lauffenburger research program centers on systems biology approaches to cell-cell communication and cell signaling in pathophysiology, emphasizing translational application to therapeutics discovery and development in cancer, pathogen infection, and inflammatory diseases. More than 130 doctoral students and postdoctoral associates have undertaken research education under his supervision. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and a fellow of the American Association for Advancement of Science and the American Scientific Affiliation. Dr. Lauffenburger has served as President of the Biomedical Engineering Society, Chair of the College of Fellows of American Institute for Medical & Biological Engineering, on the Advisory Council for the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and as a co-author of the 2009 National Research Council report A New Biology for the 21st Century.

María Rodríguez Martínez, Ph.D., Yale University
Dr. María Rodríguez Martínez is an Associate Professor of Biomedical Informatics & Data Science at Yale School of Medicine and a member of the Center for Systems and Engineering Immunology. Her research integrates AI, protein modeling, and immunology to develop interpretable and generative deep learning approaches for modeling adaptive immune receptors. Her work combines protein language models, structure prediction, immune repertoire sequencing, and multimodal datasets to study sequence–structure–function relationships in T- and B-cell receptors, with applications in autoimmune disease, vaccine design, and immunotherapy. Before joining Yale, she spent a decade at IBM Research–Europe, where she led the Computational Systems Biology team and coordinated interdisciplinary consortia focused on computational modeling for personalized cancer medicine. Her broader work spans machine learning for computational biology, immune repertoire dynamics, and structure-based prediction of biomolecular interactions.

Brian Paegel, Ph.D., University of California, Irvine
Dr. Brian Paegel is a professor at the University of California, Irvine, where he holds appointments in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering. He also serves as Associate Dean of Research in UCI’s School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. His interdisciplinary work bridges chemistry, engineering, and pharmaceutical science, with a focus on advancing technologies for modern drug discovery. Dr. Paegel earned his B.S. in chemistry from Duke University in 1998 and his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, in 2003. His research interests include drug discovery, miniaturization, microfluidics, combinatorial chemistry, and DNA-encoded libraries. Through his laboratory, he works on next-generation drug discovery technologies aimed at expanding the ability to identify small-molecule probes and therapeutic leads, including for targets traditionally considered difficult or “undruggable.” His academic distinctions include an NIH NRSA Postdoctoral Fellowship, an NIH Pathway to Independence Award, an NIH Director’s New Innovator Award, an NSF CAREER Award, and NIH MIRA support. He is affiliated with graduate programs in Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Pharmacological Sciences, and is a member of the American Chemical Society

Jeffrey Savas, Ph.D., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Dr. Jeffrey Savas received his B.S. in biochemistry from the University of California, Santa Cruz, earned his Ph.D. from New York University School of Medicine, and completed postdoctoral training at The Scripps Research Institute. He joined the faculty at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 2015 and is currently a tenured Associate Professor. The Savas laboratory studies protein biology in the nervous system, with a particular focus on how failures in protein quality control disrupt synaptic function, contribute to neurodegeneration, and accelerate aging. Current projects investigate impaired synaptic vesicle machinery proteostasis in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, tau-mediated presynaptic dysfunction during the cellular phase of Alzheimer’s disease, the role of long-lived proteins in development and aging, and strategies to enhance cochlear proteome fidelity to prevent noise-induced hearing loss.

D. Lansing Taylor, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh
Dr. D. Lansing Taylor is a pioneering cell biologist, entrepreneur, and systems pharmacology researcher recognized for transforming modern drug discovery through the development of high-content screening technologies. He is a Distinguished Professor and former Director of the Drug Discovery Institute at the University of Pittsburgh, where his work focuses on human microphysiological systems, quantitative systems pharmacology, and advanced “organ-on-a-chip” platforms for disease modeling and therapeutic development. Over his career, Taylor has founded multiple biotechnology companies, including Cellomics and Cellumen, helping bring innovative cell-based technologies into mainstream pharmaceutical research. His contributions have significantly advanced translational medicine, predictive toxicology, and the development of human-relevant alternatives to animal testing.

Martin Trapecar, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University
Dr. Martin Trapecar is an Assistant Professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine whose research sits at the intersection of immunology, bioengineering, and systems biology. He is known for developing advanced human “organ-on-a-chip” and microphysiological systems that model interactions between the gut, liver, brain, and immune system to better understand such complex diseases as inflammatory bowel disease; metabolic disorders; and neurodegenerative conditions, including Parkinson’s disease. Dr. Trapecar earned his Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering from the University of Maribor in Slovenia and completed postdoctoral training at the Gladstone Institutes/UCSF and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His work aims to uncover how disruptions in tissue and immune communication contribute to human disease and to advance more predictive models for precision medicine.

Alexander Tropsha, Ph.D., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Dr. Alexander Tropsha is K.H. Lee Distinguished Professor at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and the Research Fellow at the Renaissance Computing Institute (RENCI), UNC-Chapel Hill. His main research interests are in the area of Data Science with applications to drug development; chemical safety predictions, including computational and combinatorial NAMs methods; and materials science. He has authored or co-authored over 350 peer-reviewed research papers, reviews, and book chapters, and his studies have been supported by all major federal funding agencies in the United States. He is an elected Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) and a consultant to several technology and drug discovery companies.

Michael Wells, Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles
Dr. Michael Wells is an Assistant Professor in the UCLA Department of Human Genetics. He earned a B.S. in biological sciences from the University of Notre Dame in 2008 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Duke University in 2015 under the guidance of Dr. Guoping Feng. In 2021, he completed his postdoctoral training in the laboratory of Dr. Kevin Eggan at Harvard University and the Broad Institute. Dr. Wells’ research focuses on discovering the disease mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders of genetic and environmental origin using human stem cell–derived neural models and cerebral organoids. His work has been published in such high-impact journals as Nature, Cell, Neuron, and Cell Stem Cell and has been funded by the NIMH, Simons Foundation, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and California Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Dr. Wells’ lab specializes in the construction and analysis of "cell villages," which involve the co-culturing of many genetically distinct human cell lines in shared in vitro environments. This platform enables high-throughput molecular and cellular phenotyping across dozens to hundreds of donors under conditions that minimize technical variation. Dr. Wells’ team is currently using this system to identify the genetic and molecular risk factors underlying neurotoxicants, viral infections, and adverse drug reactions, as well as to decipher the dynamic disease mechanisms contributing to autism and intellectual disability.

Joseph Wu, M.D., Ph.D., Stanford University
Dr. Joseph Wu is Director of the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Professor of Medicine and Radiology at Stanford University. Trained at Yale and UCLA, he specializes in adult congenital heart disease and cardiovascular imaging. His research focuses on stem cells, organoids, genomics, AI, precision medicine, and drug discovery, including developing “clinical trial in a dish” models. Dr. Wu has published over 700 papers and is among the world’s most highly cited researchers. He has received major honors, including PECASE, AHA Distinguished Scientist Award, ASCI Korsmeyer Award, Lucian Award, and Schottenstein Prize. Dr. Wu is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, National Academy of Inventors, and others. He is President of the Association of University Cardiologists, Past President of the American Heart Association, and co-founder of Greenstone Biosciences. He has received major honors from the NIH, AHA, and others, served in national leadership roles, and co-founded Greenstone Biosciences to advance AI-driven drug discovery.